Gastrointestinal hormonesNotes Gastrointestinal peptide hormones are crucial signaling molecules that regulate a wide array of physiological processes within the digestive system and beyond.Thegastrointestinal hormonesconsidered herein are cholecystokinin (CCK; pancreozymin), gastric inhibitorypeptide(GIP), gastrin, motilin, secretin, substance ... These peptides, secreted by specialized enteroendocrine cells scattered throughout the gastrointestinal mucosa and pancreas, play vital roles in digestion, nutrient absorption, appetite control, and energy homeostasis. Understanding the diverse functions and interactions of these gut hormones is fundamental to comprehending gut physiology and its impact on overall health.Overview of gastrointestinal peptides in health and disease
Gastrointestinal peptide hormones are a large and complex family of signaling molecules, with over 30 known hormone genes expressed throughout the digestive tract. They are broadly classified into families based on their primary amino acid structure. These hormones are released into the bloodstream or act locally to influence various digestive functions.
Key gastrointestinal peptide hormones and their primary roles include:
* Gastrin: Primarily stimulates the secretion of gastric acid and pepsinogen in the stomach, aiding in protein digestion. It also promotes gastric motility and mucosal growth作者：K Wu·2020·被引用次数：52—Nerves are distributed throughout the insect gut, and the central and gastrointestinal nervous systems can affect the insectgut.Peptide hormonescontrol food ....
* Secretin: Released in response to acidic chyme entering the small intestine, secretin stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate-rich fluid, neutralizing stomach acid and creating an optimal environment for enzymatic digestion. It also inhibits gastric acid secretionThe Potential Role of Gut Peptide Hormones in Autism ....
* Cholecystokinin (CCK): Secreted by cells in the duodenum and jejunum in response to fats and proteins, CCK stimulates the gallbladder to contract and release bile, which emulsifies fats, and prompts the pancreas to release digestive enzymes. It also slows gastric emptying and promotes satiety.Peptide Hormones in the Insect Midgut
* Ghrelin: Often referred to as the "hunger hormone," ghrelin is primarily produced in the stomach and stimulates appetite, promoting food intake. It also plays a role in growth hormone release.
* Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1): An incretin hormone produced in the small intestine, GLP-1 enhances insulin secretion from the pancreas in a glucose-dependent manner, suppresses glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, and promotes satiety.Gastrointestinal Hormones(Endocrine) | GIHormones- Gastrin, Secretin, Cholecystokinin (CCK), GIP, Vasoactiveintestinal peptide(VIP), ...
* Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP): Another incretin hormone produced in the small intestine, GIP also stimulates insulin release and plays a role in fat metabolism.Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide ...
* Peptide YY (PYY): Released from the ileum and colon in response to nutrient intake, PYY reduces appetite and slows gastrointestinal transit.
* Motilin: Stimulates gastrointestinal motility, particularly during fasting periods, to clear the stomach and prepare for the next meal.To date, there are three well-characterizedgastrointestinal hormones: gastrin, secretin, and cholecystokinin-pancreozymin. In addition, there are a host of ...
* Somatostatin: Acts as an inhibitory hormone, suppressing the release of many other gastrointestinal hormones, as well as gastric acid and pancreatic secretions.
The release of gastrointestinal peptide hormones is tightly regulated by factors such as the presence of food in the digestive tract, the specific composition of that food (proteins, fats, carbohydrates), and the acidity of the luminal contents. Once released, these hormones exert their effects by binding to specific receptors on target cells, including cells within the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, liver, brain, and even immune cells.作者：JE McGuigan·1978·被引用次数：27—Substances · Gastrins ·Gastrointestinal Hormones·Peptides· Secretin · Substance P · VasoactiveIntestinal Peptide· Somatostatin · Motilin ...
Beyond their direct roles in digestion and nutrient absorption, these hormones are increasingly recognized for their influence on broader physiological systems. For instance, hormones like GLP-1 and GIP are critical in glucose homeostasis and have become targets for diabetes treatment. Ghrelin and PYY are central to the complex regulation of appetite and body weight. Emerging research also suggests roles for gut peptide hormones in mood regulation, immune function, and even brain development, highlighting their systemic importance.Amylin, galanin, gastrin, ghrelin, somatostatin, glucagon, glucagon-likepeptide-1, and glucagon-likepeptide-2 are some of thehormonesthat are secreted after ...
Disruptions in the production or signaling of gastrointestinal peptide hormones can contribute to various health conditions.作者：M Ahmed·2019·被引用次数：44—Gastrointestinal(GI)hormonesare a group ofpeptidessecreted by the endocrine cells, also known as endocrinocytes, in different parts of the GI mucosa ... Imbalances in hormones regulating appetite, such as ghrelin and PYY, are implicated in obesity and eating disorders. Dysregulation of incretin hormones like GLP-1 and GIP is a hallmark of type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, altered levels of certain gastrointestinal peptides have been associated with gastrointestinal cancers and inflammatory bowel diseases.
The diagnostic value of measuring gastrointestinal peptide hormones is also gaining recognition. Such measurements can aid in the examination of digestive functions and diseases, as well as in understanding extra-intestinal functions作者：M Ahmed·2019·被引用次数：44—Gastrointestinal(GI)hormonesare a group ofpeptidessecreted by the endocrine cells, also known as endocrinocytes, in different parts of the GI mucosa .... Advances in assay technologies are improving the ability to accurately quantify these peptides, paving the way for more personalized therapeutic approaches and a deeper understanding of gut-brain interactions.
In conclusion, gastrointestinal peptide hormones are indispensable mediators of digestive function and systemic physiology. Their intricate network of actions underscores the gut's central role not only in nutrient processing but also in maintaining overall metabolic and homeostatic balance. Continued research into these vital signaling peptides promises to unlock new insights into health and disease.
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