Orexin brand name
Orexins, also known as hypocretins, are a fascinating group of neuropeptides that play a critical role in regulating fundamental physiological processes, most notably wakefulness and appetite作者：TS Kilduff·2000·被引用次数：545—The molecules originally described as the hypocretins and subsequently as theorexinswere initially implicated in the control of food intake.. These peptides are produced by a specific set of neurons located in the hypothalamus, a crucial area of the brain responsible for maintaining homeostasis.作者：M Mieda·2004·被引用次数：428—Here, we demonstrate rescue of the narcolepsy-cataplexy phenotype oforexinneuron-ablated mice by genetic and pharmacological means. The discovery of orexins in the late 1990s shed light on the intricate mechanisms behind sleep-wake cycles and energy balance, revealing their involvement in everything from arousal and appetite stimulation to reward-related behaviors and adaptation to stress.OrexinB, humanOrexinsare synthesized by posterolateral neurons in hypothalamus. They bind toorexin-1 (OxR1) andorexin2 (OxR2) receptors. Understanding the function and influence of orexins is key to comprehending how our bodies manage energy and maintain alertness.
The orexin system primarily consists of two distinct neuropeptide hormones: orexin-A and orexin-B. Both are derived from a single precursor protein and are secreted from glucose-sensitive neurons in the lateral hypothalamus. While they share many functional similarities, including their role in regulating arousal and appetite, they are distinct molecules. Orexin-A, also known as hypocretin-1, is a 33-amino acid peptide, while orexin-B, or hypocretin-2, is a 28-amino acid peptideThese peptidesactivate waking-active monoaminergic and cholinergic neuronsin the hypothalamus/brain stem regions to maintain a long, consolidated awake period .... These peptides exert their effects by binding to specific receptors in the brain: orexin-1 (OxR1) and orexin-2 (OxR2) receptors.Orexin The precise activation patterns of these receptors by orexin-A and orexin-B contribute to the nuanced regulation of wakefulness and feeding behaviors.
Perhaps the most well-established function of orexins is their profound influence on wakefulness. These neuropeptides act as crucial wake-promoting agents, helping to maintain a consolidated period of alertness throughout the day. They achieve this by activating waking-active monoaminergic and cholinergic neurons in various brain regions, including the hypothalamus and brainstem. Disruptions in the orexin system, particularly a deficiency in orexin-producing neurons, are strongly linked to sleep disorders like narcolepsy. Narcolepsy is characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy (sudden loss of muscle tone), and other sleep disturbances, highlighting the vital role of orexins in preventing excessive sleep and maintaining stable wakefulness. Researchers have demonstrated that restoring orexin signaling can help alleviate these narcolepsy-related symptoms in animal models, underscoring the therapeutic potential of targeting the orexin system.
The name "orexin" itself is derived from the Greek word "orexis," meaning appetite, which hints at their significant role in regulating food intake.Orexins/hypocretins cause sharp wave- and theta-related ... Orexins are known to be orexigenic, meaning they stimulate appetite. They do this by influencing various neural pathways involved in hunger signaling and reward-related behaviors associated with eating.Orexins By integrating signals related to energy balance, orexins help the body respond to periods of fasting or low energy availability by increasing the drive to eat.Orexins/hypocretins: waking up the scientific world This function is closely intertwined with their role in wakefulness, as increased alertness can also be associated with seeking and consuming food. The hypothalamus, where orexins are produced, is a central hub for processing signals related to hunger, satiety, and energy stores, making it a logical location for these peptides to orchestrate feeding behaviors.
Beyond sleep and appetite, the orexin system is implicated in a wider range of physiological processes. Research suggests orexins play a part in autonomic functions, reward processing, stress adaptation, and even mood regulation. Their widespread projections throughout the central nervous system allow them to influence diverse neural circuits, impacting everything from cardiovascular control to emotional responsesOrexins, Orexigenic Hypothalamic Peptides, Interact with .... The discovery of orexins and their intricate functions has opened new avenues for therapeutic interventions. For instance, developing drugs that modulate orexin receptor activity holds promise for treating sleep disorders, obesity, addiction, and even depression. However, the complexity of the orexin system means that developing targeted and safe treatments requires a deep understanding of how orexin-A and orexin-B interact with their receptors and influence different brain circuits.Orexin peptides are known to regulate arousal, wakefulness, food intake, and reward-related behaviors through their actions in a disturbed set of brain nuclei ... Ongoing research continues to unravel the full extent of the orexin system's influence, promising further insights into brain function and novel therapeutic strategies.
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